Devel Load (with references)

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                              6 => "node.type.newspaper"
                              7 => "node.type.packages"
                              8 => "node.type.page"
                              9 => "node.type.partner"
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                              3 => "file"
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                              6 => "node"
                              7 => "path"
                              8 => "scheduler"
                              9 => "shortcut"
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                              11 => "system"
                              12 => "taxonomy"
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                          "id" => "content_editor"
                          "label" => "Content editor"
                          "weight" => -7
                          "is_admin" => false
                          "permissions" => array:117 [
                            0 => "access administration pages"
                            1 => "access content"
                            2 => "access content overview"
                            3 => "access files overview"
                            4 => "access shortcuts"
                            5 => "access site in maintenance mode"
                            6 => "access taxonomy overview"
                            7 => "access toolbar"
                            8 => "access user profiles"
                            9 => "administer comments"
                            10 => "administer member order entities"
                            11 => "administer nodes"
                            12 => "bypass node access"
                            13 => "create article content"
                            14 => "create extra content"
                            15 => "create field_premium_tartalom"
                            16 => "create field_public_author"
                            17 => "create nevnapok content"
                            18 => "create packages content"
                            19 => "create page content"
                            20 => "create partner content"
                            21 => "create reklam content"
                            22 => "create terms in aprohirdetes_kategoriak"
                            23 => "create terms in rovat"
                            24 => "create terms in tags"
                            25 => "create url aliases"
                            26 => "delete all revisions"
                            27 => "delete any aprohirdetes content"
                            28 => "delete any article content"
                            29 => "delete any extra content"
                            30 => "delete any file"
                            31 => "delete any nevnapok content"
                            32 => "delete any newspaper content"
                            33 => "delete any packages content"
                            34 => "delete any page content"
                            35 => "delete any partner content"
                            36 => "delete any reklam content"
                            37 => "delete own aprohirdetes content"
                            38 => "delete own article content"
                            39 => "delete own extra content"
                            40 => "delete own files"
                            41 => "delete own nevnapok content"
                            42 => "delete own newspaper content"
                            43 => "delete own packages content"
                            44 => "delete own page content"
                            45 => "delete own partner content"
                            46 => "delete own reklam content"
                            47 => "delete terms in aprohirdetes_kategoriak"
                            48 => "delete terms in rovat"
                            49 => "delete terms in tags"
                            50 => "edit any aprohirdetes content"
                            51 => "edit any article content"
                            52 => "edit any extra content"
                            53 => "edit any nevnapok content"
                            54 => "edit any newspaper content"
                            55 => "edit any packages content"
                            56 => "edit any page content"
                            57 => "edit any partner content"
                            58 => "edit any reklam content"
                            59 => "edit field_fizetve"
                            60 => "edit field_premium_tartalom"
                            61 => "edit field_public_author"
                            62 => "edit field_seeded"
                            63 => "edit own aprohirdetes content"
                            64 => "edit own article content"
                            65 => "edit own comments"
                            66 => "edit own extra content"
                            67 => "edit own field_premium_tartalom"
                            68 => "edit own field_public_author"
                            69 => "edit own nevnapok content"
                            70 => "edit own newspaper content"
                            71 => "edit own packages content"
                            72 => "edit own page content"
                            73 => "edit own partner content"
                            74 => "edit own reklam content"
                            75 => "edit terms in aprohirdetes_kategoriak"
                            76 => "edit terms in rovat"
                            77 => "edit terms in tags"
                            78 => "link to any page"
                            79 => "manage custom tags block settings"
                            80 => "revert all revisions"
                            81 => "revert aprohirdetes revisions"
                            82 => "revert article revisions"
                            83 => "revert extra revisions"
                            84 => "revert nevnapok revisions"
                            85 => "revert packages revisions"
                            86 => "revert page revisions"
                            87 => "revert partner revisions"
                            88 => "revert reklam revisions"
                            89 => "schedule publishing of nodes"
                            90 => "use text format basic_html"
                            91 => "use text format full_html"
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                            93 => "view aprohirdetes revisions"
                            94 => "view article revisions"
                            95 => "view extra revisions"
                            96 => "view field_fizetve"
                            97 => "view field_kiemelt_ido"
                            98 => "view field_premium_ervenyesseg"
                            99 => "view field_premium_tartalom"
                            100 => "view field_print_elofizetes"
                            101 => "view field_seeded"
                            102 => "view member order entities"
                            103 => "view nevnapok revisions"
                            104 => "view own field_fizetve"
                            105 => "view own field_kiemelt_ido"
                            106 => "view own field_premium_tartalom"
                            107 => "view own field_public_author"
                            108 => "view own field_seeded"
                            109 => "view own unpublished content"
                            110 => "view packages revisions"
                            111 => "view page revisions"
                            112 => "view partner revisions"
                            113 => "view post access counter"
                            114 => "view reklam revisions"
                            115 => "view scheduled content"
                            116 => "view the administration theme"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "bundle" => "user_role"
                      ]
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                          "langcode" => "hu"
                          "status" => true
                          "dependencies" => array:1 [
                            "module" => array:1 [
                              0 => "field_permissions"
                            ]
                          ]
                          "_core" => array:1 [
                            "default_config_hash" => "OeKGIkmZA_c-t6QLH81WNQx8gDCc1MRmxaTuQgxBByU"
                          ]
                          "id" => "administrator"
                          "label" => "Adminisztrátor"
                          "weight" => -5
                          "is_admin" => true
                          "permissions" => array:5 [
                            0 => "create field_oldalak"
                            1 => "edit field_oldalak"
                            2 => "edit own field_oldalak"
                            3 => "view field_oldalak"
                            4 => "view own field_oldalak"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "bundle" => "user_role"
                      ]
                    ]
                    "default_langcode" => array:1 [
                      0 => array:1 [
                        "value" => "1"
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                    ]
                    "metatag" => array:3 [
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                        "tag" => "meta"
                        "attributes" => array:2 [
                          "name" => "title"
                          "content" => "Kopacz Levente | Szabadság"
                        ]
                      ]
                      1 => array:2 [
                        "tag" => "meta"
                        "attributes" => array:2 [
                          "name" => "description"
                          "content" => "Szabadság"
                        ]
                      ]
                      2 => array:2 [
                        "tag" => "link"
                        "attributes" => array:2 [
                          "rel" => "canonical"
                          "href" => "https://devel.szabadsag.ro/user/1"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                    "path" => array:1 [
                      0 => array:1 [
                        "langcode" => "hu"
                      ]
                    ]
                    "feeds_item" => []
                    "field_address" => array:1 [
                      0 => array:1 [
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Az Eurostat j&uacute;liusi statisztik&aacute;ja az &eacute;letmin&#337;s&eacute;get m&eacute;ri, &eacute;s ak&aacute;rhogy forgatjuk, Rom&aacute;nia nem j&ouml;n ki bel&#337;le t&uacute;l j&oacute;l. Ak&aacute;rmilyen rosszak is a sz&aacute;mok, az emberek szerint m&eacute;gsem &eacute;ppen olyan s&ouml;t&eacute;t a helyzet: a rom&aacute;nok az uni&oacute;s &aacute;tlagn&aacute;l el&eacute;gedettebbek az &eacute;let&uuml;kkel.</span><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">A t&aacute;rsadalmi kirekesztetts&eacute;g &eacute;s a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g cs&ouml;kkent&eacute;s&eacute;re t&ouml;rekv&#337; eur&oacute;pai politik&aacute;k dac&aacute;ra hatalmas k&uuml;l&ouml;nbs&eacute;gek vannak a lakoss&aacute;g anyagi helyzet&eacute;ben a tagorsz&aacute;gok k&ouml;z&ouml;tt, de azokon bel&uuml;l is t&ouml;bbek k&ouml;zt r&eacute;gi&oacute;k, nemek, koroszt&aacute;lyok szintj&eacute;n. 2017-ben p&eacute;ld&aacute;ul minden harmadik bolg&aacute;r s&uacute;lyos anyagi gondokkal k&uuml;zd&ouml;tt, mik&ouml;zben Sv&eacute;dorsz&aacute;gban &eacute;s Luxemburgban csak minden sz&aacute;zadik. &Iacute;rorsz&aacute;gban szinte minden m&aacute;sodik egysz&uuml;l&#337;s gyermekes csal&aacute;dot a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata fenyegetett, a teljes lakoss&aacute;got tekintve csak minden 6-7. csal&aacute;dot.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">&Aacute;ltal&aacute;ban a t&aacute;rsadalmi kirekesztetts&eacute;g &eacute;s a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata sokkal magasabb Eur&oacute;pa d&eacute;li &eacute;s keleti r&eacute;szein, ahol a j&ouml;vedelmi egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;gek is hangs&uacute;lyosabbak, mint a nyugati, a skandin&aacute;v vagy a Benelux &aacute;llamokban. Kiv&eacute;telekre is van p&eacute;lda, hiszen p&eacute;ld&aacute;ul Csehorsz&aacute;gban a legalacsonyabb a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata, m&iacute;g az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem szempontj&aacute;b&oacute;l abszol&uacute;t leggazdagabb Luxemburgban m&eacute;rs&eacute;kelt a j&ouml;vedelmi egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;g. Az Eurostat statisztik&aacute;ja kiterjed az Eur&oacute;pai Uni&oacute; 28 tag&aacute;llam&aacute;ra, &eacute;s k&ouml;zli Izland, Norv&eacute;gia, Sv&aacute;jc, valamint T&ouml;r&ouml;korsz&aacute;g, Szerbia &eacute;s &Eacute;szak-Maked&oacute;nia adatait is.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;"><span style="font-family: nerisblack; font-size: 26px; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 8px;"><strong>Hi&aacute;ba olcs&oacute;bb a rom&aacute;n benzin, nek&uuml;nk sokkal dr&aacute;g&aacute;bb</strong></span></span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">Az EU tagorsz&aacute;gaiban nagy k&uuml;l&ouml;nbs&eacute;gek vannak a b&eacute;rek &eacute;s az &aacute;rak szintj&eacute;n, &iacute;gy a lakoss&aacute;g anyagi j&oacute;l&eacute;t&eacute;nek &ouml;sszehasonl&iacute;t&aacute;sa nem lehets&eacute;ges &uacute;gy, hogy egyszer&#369;en &aacute;talak&iacute;tjuk mondjuk eur&oacute;ba a k&uuml;l&ouml;nb&ouml;z&#337; orsz&aacute;gokban &eacute;rv&eacute;nyes benzin&aacute;rakat, keny&eacute;r&aacute;rakat, vagy a fizet&eacute;seket. Vegy&uuml;nk egy p&eacute;ld&aacute;t: N&eacute;metorsz&aacute;gban 1,5 eur&oacute; egy liter benzin &aacute;ra, Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban 1,2 eur&oacute;. Azonnal meg&aacute;llap&iacute;thatjuk teh&aacute;t, hogy Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban olcs&oacute;bb a benzin, mint N&eacute;metorsz&aacute;gban. Az &aacute;tlagb&eacute;reket tekintve azonban a n&eacute;metorsz&aacute;gi t&ouml;bb mint h&aacute;romszorosa a rom&aacute;niainak, azaz egy n&eacute;met &aacute;tlagb&eacute;rb&#337;l sokkal t&ouml;bb &bdquo;dr&aacute;ga&rdquo; benzint lehet v&aacute;s&aacute;rolni, mint amennyi &bdquo;olcs&oacute;bbat&rdquo; egy rom&aacute;niai &aacute;tlagb&eacute;rb&#337;l. Annak &eacute;rdek&eacute;ben teh&aacute;t, hogy &ouml;sszehasonl&iacute;that&oacute; sz&aacute;madatokhoz juthassanak, amelyek az ilyen jelleg&#369; k&uuml;l&ouml;nbs&eacute;gekre is figyelnek, a gazdas&aacute;gi szakemberek eg&eacute;sz sor mutat&oacute;val sz&aacute;molnak.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">Az egyik p&eacute;ld&aacute;ul az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem, vagyis az a j&ouml;vedelem, amely a k&uuml;l&ouml;nf&eacute;le ad&oacute;k &eacute;s illet&eacute;kek levon&aacute;sa, ad&oacute;kedvezm&eacute;nyek felsz&aacute;mol&aacute;sa ut&aacute;n megmarad, amit konkr&eacute;tan el lehet k&ouml;lteni egy adott h&aacute;ztart&aacute;s tagjaira elosztva. Egyazon h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sban &eacute;l&#337;k eset&eacute;ben kisz&aacute;molnak egy h&aacute;ztart&aacute;si egyen&eacute;rt&eacute;ket, ahol az els&#337; feln&#337;ttet 1-nek sz&aacute;molj&aacute;k, a m&aacute;sodik feln&#337;ttet &eacute;s minden 14 &eacute;vesn&eacute;l id&#337;sebb csal&aacute;dtagot 0,5-nek, a 14 &eacute;vesn&eacute;l fiatalabbakat pedig 0,3-nak. E bonyolult sz&aacute;m&iacute;t&aacute;sb&oacute;l ered a fejenk&eacute;nti elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem. &Eacute;rthet&#337;en ezt nem lehet valamilyen konkr&eacute;t p&eacute;nznemben kifejezni, ehhez hozt&aacute;k l&eacute;tre a PPS-t, azaz a standard v&aacute;s&aacute;rl&oacute;er&#337;t, a v&aacute;s&aacute;rl&oacute;er&#337;-egys&eacute;get, mint az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem m&eacute;rt&eacute;kegys&eacute;g&eacute;t. (Valahogy &uacute;gy k&eacute;pzelj&uuml;k el, hogy m&iacute;g a krumplit kil&oacute;ban m&eacute;rj&uuml;k, az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelmet PPS-ben.) Elm&eacute;letileg 1 PPS minden orsz&aacute;gban egyforma mennyis&eacute;g&#369; term&eacute;k &eacute;s szolg&aacute;ltat&aacute;s v&aacute;s&aacute;rl&aacute;s&aacute;ra elegend&#337;.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;"><span style="font-family: nerisblack; font-size: 26px; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 8px;"><strong>Sov&aacute;ny vigasz: majdnem k&eacute;tszer annyit k&ouml;lthet&uuml;nk, mint t&iacute;z &eacute;ve</strong></span></span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">2017-ben az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem az EU 28 tagorsz&aacute;g&aacute;ban 16 909 v&aacute;s&aacute;rl&oacute;er&#337;-egys&eacute;g (PPS) volt, Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban a legalacsonyabb (5303 PPS), Luxemburgban a legnagyobb (t&ouml;bb mint 29 ezer PPS). Hogy milyen kicsi az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem n&aacute;lunk, mi sem illusztr&aacute;lja jobban, minthogy p&eacute;ld&aacute;ul a m&aacute;sodik helyezett Sv&aacute;jcban t&iacute;z &eacute;v alatt t&ouml;bbel (6100 PPS-sel) n&#337;tt az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem, mint amennyi Rom&aacute;nia teljes elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelme. Az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem m&eacute;g Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban is k&eacute;t&ouml;t&ouml;ddel nagyobb, mint n&aacute;lunk (7527 PPS), pedig d&eacute;li szomsz&eacute;dainkkal minden statisztik&aacute;ban nagyj&aacute;b&oacute;l hasonl&oacute; helyez&eacute;st &eacute;r&uuml;nk el. A sorban Magyarorsz&aacute;g k&ouml;vetkezik, 8306 PPS-sel. Az uni&oacute;s tags&aacute;gra p&aacute;ly&aacute;z&oacute; T&ouml;r&ouml;korsz&aacute;gban is nagyobb az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem, mint n&aacute;lunk (6501 PPS), &Eacute;szak-Maced&oacute;ni&aacute;ban &eacute;s Szerbi&aacute;ban majdnem ugyanannyi, mint itthon.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">F&ouml;ldrajzilag &eacute;les hat&aacute;rvonal h&uacute;z&oacute;dik az &eacute;szaki &eacute;s nyugati orsz&aacute;gok jav&aacute;ra, ott az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem meghaladja a 16 ezer PPS-t, de ide sorolhat&oacute; Ausztria &eacute;s Olaszorsz&aacute;g, Ciprus &eacute;s M&aacute;lta is. 16 ezer PPS alatt van az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem az &ouml;sszes tagorsz&aacute;gban, amely 2004 ut&aacute;n csatlakozott (Ciprus &eacute;s M&aacute;lta kiv&eacute;tel&eacute;vel), illetve h&aacute;rom d&eacute;l-eur&oacute;pai &aacute;llamban (G&ouml;r&ouml;gorsz&aacute;g, Spanyolorsz&aacute;g &eacute;s Portug&aacute;lia). Izland, Norv&eacute;gia &eacute;s Sv&aacute;jc elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelm&eacute;nek szintje meghaladja az EU-28 &aacute;tlag&aacute;t, &eacute;s alig &eacute;ri el az uni&oacute;s &aacute;tlag egyharmad&aacute;t T&ouml;r&ouml;korsz&aacute;gban, Szerbi&aacute;ban &eacute;s &Eacute;szak-Maced&oacute;ni&aacute;ban. A t&iacute;z &eacute;vvel ezel&#337;tti helyzethez k&eacute;pest a tag&aacute;llamok t&ouml;bbs&eacute;g&eacute;ben n&#337;tt az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem szintje, kiv&eacute;ve az Egyes&uuml;lt Kir&aacute;lys&aacute;got, Ciprust &eacute;s k&uuml;l&ouml;n&ouml;sen G&ouml;r&ouml;gorsz&aacute;got, ahol negyed&eacute;vel cs&ouml;kkent. A legnagyobb n&ouml;veked&eacute;st Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban jegyezt&eacute;k (+73%), valamint &Eacute;sztorsz&aacute;gban (+65%), Lengyelorsz&aacute;gban (+64%), Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban (+58%) &eacute;s Szlov&aacute;ki&aacute;ban (+56%).</span></p><h3><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;"><span style="font-family: nerisblack; font-size: 26px; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 8px;">A kisfizet&eacute;s&#369;ek minden lej&eacute;re a j&oacute;l keres&#337;knek 6,5 leje jut</span></span></h3><h3><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/oldfiles/kisebb%2Bjo%2Bgraf%2B3.jpg" style="float: left;">A szakemberek &aacute;ltal haszn&aacute;lt m&aacute;sik mutat&oacute; a j&ouml;vedelmi &ouml;t&ouml;d&ouml;k ar&aacute;nya, amely a j&ouml;vedelmi egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;gek m&eacute;r&eacute;s&eacute;re szolg&aacute;l. A j&ouml;vedelmi &ouml;t&ouml;d&ouml;k ar&aacute;ny&aacute;t tulajdonk&eacute;ppen a legmagasabb j&ouml;vedelm&#369;ek 20%-&aacute;nak j&ouml;vedelme &eacute;s a legalacsonyabb j&ouml;vedelm&#369;ek 20%-&aacute;nak j&ouml;vedelme k&ouml;z&ouml;tti ar&aacute;nyk&eacute;nt sz&aacute;molj&aacute;k ki. Az EU-28-ban p&eacute;ld&aacute;ul a j&ouml;vedelmi &ouml;t&ouml;d&ouml;k ar&aacute;nya 5,1, ez azt jelenti, hogy a legnagyobb j&ouml;vedelm&#369;ek bev&eacute;tele &aacute;tlagosan kicsivel t&ouml;bb mint &ouml;tsz&ouml;r&ouml;se a legalacsonyabb j&ouml;vedelm&#369;ek bev&eacute;tel&eacute;nek. Min&eacute;l magasabb teh&aacute;t a j&ouml;vedelmi &ouml;t&ouml;d&ouml;k ar&aacute;nya, ann&aacute;l nagyobb az egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;g a j&ouml;vedelmek eloszt&aacute;s&aacute;ban az adott ter&uuml;leten/orsz&aacute;gban, ann&aacute;l nagyobb a szakad&eacute;k a gazdagok &eacute;s szeg&eacute;nyek k&ouml;z&ouml;tt. Az &eacute;letmin&#337;s&eacute;g akkor mondhat&oacute; a lakoss&aacute;g eg&eacute;sz&eacute;t tekintve &aacute;ltal&aacute;ban jobbnak egy adott ter&uuml;leten, min&eacute;l kisebb a j&ouml;vedelmi &ouml;t&ouml;d&ouml;k ar&aacute;nya.</span></h3><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">Ha egy orsz&aacute;g elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelme magas, ez nem jelenti felt&eacute;tlen&uuml;l azt, hogy ott a j&ouml;vedelmi egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;g alacsony, b&aacute;r az Eurostat meg&aacute;llap&iacute;t&aacute;sa szerint ez az &aacute;ltal&aacute;nos tendencia. M&eacute;gis, a legmagasabb elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelemmel rendelkez&#337; Luxemburgban p&eacute;ld&aacute;ul &aacute;tlagk&ouml;zeli 5-&ouml;s a j&ouml;vedelmi egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;g. A legink&aacute;bb &bdquo;egyenl&#337;&rdquo; a j&ouml;vedelmek eloszl&aacute;sa Csehorsz&aacute;gban (ahol az elk&ouml;lthet&#337; j&ouml;vedelem szer&eacute;nyebb, &bdquo;csak&rdquo; 12 632 PPS), Finnorsz&aacute;gban, Szlov&aacute;ki&aacute;ban, Szlov&eacute;ni&aacute;ban &eacute;s Belgiumban, ahol a j&ouml;vedelmi &ouml;t&ouml;d&ouml;k ar&aacute;nya 4 alatt marad, a legnagyobb a j&ouml;vedelmek egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;ge G&ouml;r&ouml;gorsz&aacute;gban (6,1), Lettorsz&aacute;gban (6,3), Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban (6,5), Spanyolorsz&aacute;gban (6,6), Litv&aacute;ni&aacute;ban (7,3) &eacute;s Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban (8,2). Magyarorsz&aacute;gon ezekhez k&eacute;pest 4,3, vagyis jobb az uni&oacute;s &aacute;tlagn&aacute;l.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">Rom&aacute;nia ar&aacute;ny&aacute;t uni&oacute;s tags&aacute;ga kezdet&eacute;t&#337;l, 2007-t&#337;l m&eacute;rik, akkor 8,1 volt, majd folyamatosan cs&ouml;kkent, m&iacute;g 2010-ben el&eacute;rte a 6,1-et, akkor ism&eacute;t n&ouml;veked&eacute;s kezd&#337;d&ouml;tt 2015-ig (8,3), az az&oacute;ta tart&oacute; cs&ouml;kken&#337; tendenci&aacute;t (2017-ben 6,5) az el&#337;rejelz&eacute;sek szerint ism&eacute;t n&ouml;veked&eacute;s v&aacute;ltja, 2018-ra ugyanis 7,2-re becs&uuml;lik az ar&aacute;nyt. Magyarorsz&aacute;gon &bdquo;egyenl&#337;bb&rdquo; a j&ouml;vedelmek eloszl&aacute;sa, mint n&aacute;lunk, az ut&oacute;bbi &eacute;vtizedben 3,4 &eacute;s 4,4 k&ouml;z&ouml;tt v&aacute;ltozik, 2013 &oacute;ta 4,3 &eacute;s 2018-ra az el&#337;rejelz&eacute;s 4,4.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">Az ut&oacute;bbi &eacute;vtizedben a j&ouml;vedelmi egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;g a leger&#337;teljesebben cs&ouml;kkent Lettorsz&aacute;gban (7,3-r&oacute;l 6,3-ra), Lengyelorsz&aacute;gban (5,1-r&#337;l 4,6-ra) &eacute;s Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban (7-r&#337;l 6,5-re), a legt&ouml;bbet n&#337;tt Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban (6,5-r&#337;l 8,2-re), Litv&aacute;ni&aacute;ban (6,1-r&#337;l 7,3-ra) &eacute;s Spanyolorsz&aacute;gban (5,6-r&oacute;l 6,6-ra).</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">A j&ouml;vedelmi egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;g kev&eacute;sb&eacute; jellemz&#337; a 65 &eacute;vesn&eacute;l id&#337;sebbek (vagyis elvileg nyugd&iacute;jasok) k&ouml;r&eacute;ben: 2017-ben az EU-ban &aacute;tlagosan 4,1, m&iacute;g a 65 &eacute;vesn&eacute;l fiatalabbak eset&eacute;ben 5,3 volt. Ez &aacute;ltal&aacute;ban minden tagorsz&aacute;gra jellemz&#337;, Szlov&eacute;nia, Horv&aacute;torsz&aacute;g, Franciaorsz&aacute;g &eacute;s Ciprus kiv&eacute;tel&eacute;vel, ahol a k&eacute;tf&eacute;le korcsoport eset&eacute;ben nagyj&aacute;b&oacute;l azonos a j&ouml;vedelmi egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;g. A legnagyobb k&uuml;l&ouml;nbs&eacute;get Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban, Litv&aacute;ni&aacute;ban, Spanyolorsz&aacute;gban, Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban &eacute;s G&ouml;r&ouml;gorsz&aacute;gban jegyezt&eacute;k. Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban a 65 &eacute;vesn&eacute;l fiatalabbak eset&eacute;ben a j&ouml;vedelmi &ouml;t&ouml;d&ouml;k ar&aacute;nya 7, a 65 &eacute;vesn&eacute;l id&#337;sebbek eset&eacute;ben 4,4. A munkakor&uacute;ak eset&eacute;ben teh&aacute;t a legnagyobb b&eacute;rrel rendelkez&#337;k h&eacute;tszer t&ouml;bb j&ouml;vedelem f&ouml;l&ouml;tt rendelkeznek, mint a leggyeng&eacute;bbek fizetettek.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">N&eacute;mi vigaszt jelenthet, hogy a j&ouml;vedelmi egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;g nemek szerinti megoszl&aacute;sa Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban gyakorlatilag azonos, vagyis a f&eacute;rfiakat &eacute;s a n&#337;ket ugyanolyan m&eacute;rt&eacute;kben &eacute;rinti, valamivel hangs&uacute;lyosabb a j&ouml;vedelmi egyenl&#337;tlens&eacute;g a 65 &eacute;vesn&eacute;l id&#337;sebb n&#337;k k&ouml;r&eacute;ben (4,6), mint a f&eacute;rfiak&eacute;ben (3,8).</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;"><span style="font-family: nerisblack; font-size: 26px; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 8px;"><strong>Minden negyedik rom&aacute;niait fenyeget a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g</strong></span></span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">2017-ben k&ouml;zel 113 milli&oacute; uni&oacute;s &aacute;llampolg&aacute;rt fenyegetett a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g vagy t&aacute;rsadalmi kirekesztetts&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata, vagyis a teljes lakoss&aacute;g szinte negyed&eacute;t (22,4%-&aacute;t), &eacute;s ez valamivel jobb a t&iacute;z &eacute;vvel ezel&#337;tti, 2008-as helyzetn&eacute;l, amikor 116 milli&oacute;an (23,7%) szembes&uuml;ltek a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g &eacute;s t&aacute;rsadalmi kirekesztetts&eacute;g kock&aacute;zat&aacute;val.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">A szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata a lakoss&aacute;g 16,7%-&aacute;t fenyegette, vagyis ennyire tehet&#337; azok ar&aacute;nya, akiknek a j&ouml;vedelme nem &eacute;rte el a 60%-&aacute;t a lakhely szerinti orsz&aacute;gukban &eacute;rv&eacute;nyes &aacute;tlagj&ouml;vedelemnek. Kilenc tag&aacute;llamban a lakoss&aacute;g legal&aacute;bb egy&ouml;t&ouml;d&eacute;t fenyegette a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g, &eacute;s ezt a negat&iacute;v toplist&aacute;t is Rom&aacute;nia vezeti: szinte minden negyedik lakos (a lakoss&aacute;g 23,6%-a) kock&aacute;ztatta a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;get, Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban 23,4%, Litv&aacute;ni&aacute;ban 22,9%, Lettorsz&aacute;gban 22,2%, Spanyolorsz&aacute;gban 21,6%, &Eacute;sztorsz&aacute;gban 21%, Olaszorsz&aacute;gban 20,3%, G&ouml;r&ouml;gorsz&aacute;gban 20,2%, Horv&aacute;torsz&aacute;gban 20%. A vizsg&aacute;lt &aacute;llamok k&ouml;z&uuml;l csak Szerbi&aacute;ban magasabb a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;get kock&aacute;ztat&oacute; lakoss&aacute;g ar&aacute;nya, 25,7%. A legkisebb volt a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata Csehorsz&aacute;gban, ez az egyetlen tag&aacute;llam, ahol az ar&aacute;ny egy sz&aacute;mjegy&#369;, 9,1%-os volt 2017-ben, tov&aacute;bb&aacute; Finnorsz&aacute;gban (11,5%), D&aacute;ni&aacute;ban &eacute;s Szlov&aacute;ki&aacute;ban (12,4%), de Magyarorsz&aacute;gon is el&eacute;g alacsony (13,3%). A vizsg&aacute;lt orsz&aacute;gok k&ouml;z&uuml;l eml&iacute;tend&#337; Izland, ahol a kock&aacute;zat 8,8%.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;"><span style="font-family: nerisblack; font-size: 26px; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 8px;"><strong>Sok n&aacute;lunk a gazdag is, sov&aacute;nyka a k&ouml;z&eacute;pr&eacute;teg</strong></span></span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">Az EU-ban &aacute;tlagosan t&iacute;zb&#337;l h&aacute;rom lakos (a lakoss&aacute;g k&ouml;zel 30%-a) az &aacute;tlagj&ouml;vedelmet legal&aacute;bb 30%-kal meghalad&oacute; bev&eacute;tellel rendelkezik. Ilyen szempontb&oacute;l jelent&#337;s elt&eacute;r&eacute;sek figyelhet&#337;k meg a Balti orsz&aacute;gokban, a Balk&aacute;non &eacute;s a F&ouml;ldk&ouml;zi tengeri t&eacute;rs&eacute;g n&eacute;h&aacute;ny orsz&aacute;g&aacute;ban, t&uuml;kr&ouml;zve a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zat helyzet&eacute;t, vagyis itt a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata &eacute;s a kiemelked&#337; j&ouml;vedelm&#369;ek ar&aacute;nya egyar&aacute;nt magas. Minden harmadik lakos kiemelked&#337;en magas j&ouml;vedelm&#369; Lettorsz&aacute;gban (a lakoss&aacute;g 34,6%-a), Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban (33,7%), Litv&aacute;ni&aacute;ban (33,1%), &Eacute;sztorsz&aacute;gban &eacute;s Spanyolorsz&aacute;gban (33%), valamint Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban (32,8%). Magyarorsz&aacute;gon ez az ar&aacute;ny 28,7%. Min&eacute;l t&ouml;bben tartoznak a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;get kock&aacute;ztat&oacute; &eacute;s a magas j&ouml;vedelm&#369;ek r&eacute;teg&eacute;be, ann&aacute;l kisebb a fennmarad&oacute; &bdquo;k&ouml;z&eacute;pr&eacute;teg&rdquo;, &eacute;s ebben Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;t ism&eacute;t a lista v&eacute;g&eacute;n tal&aacute;ljuk a maga 43,6%-&aacute;val, r&ouml;gt&ouml;n Bulg&aacute;ria (42,9%) &eacute;s Lettorsz&aacute;g (43,2%) ut&aacute;n. Az a bizonyos k&ouml;z&eacute;pr&eacute;teg az adott orsz&aacute;gban &eacute;rv&eacute;nyes &aacute;tlagb&eacute;r 60%-&aacute;n&aacute;l magasabb &eacute;s 130%-&aacute;n&aacute;l alacsonyabb j&ouml;vedelemmel rendelkez&#337;ket t&ouml;m&ouml;r&iacute;ti, ebb&#337;l Magyarorsz&aacute;gnak is el&eacute;g &bdquo;sz&eacute;p&rdquo; ar&aacute;nya van, 58%. A k&ouml;z&eacute;pr&eacute;teg a legsz&eacute;lesebb Szlov&aacute;ki&aacute;ban (65,9), Csehorsz&aacute;gban (65,1%), Finnorsz&aacute;gban (62,4%), Szlov&eacute;ni&aacute;ban (61,9%) &eacute;s D&aacute;ni&aacute;ban (61,8), &eacute;s ezekben az orsz&aacute;gokban viszonylag magas a nagy j&ouml;vedelm&#369;ek ar&aacute;nya (kb. minden negyedik lakos) &eacute;s alacsony a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zattal fenyegetett popul&aacute;ci&oacute; (9&ndash;13% k&ouml;z&ouml;tt mozog).</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;"><span style="font-family: nerisblack; font-size: 26px; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 8px;"><strong>Kock&aacute;zatos nagycsal&aacute;dosnak lenni Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban</strong></span></span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="/sites/default/files/oldfiles/kisebb%2Bzseb.jpg" style="float: left;">Az Eur&oacute;pai Uni&oacute; tagorsz&aacute;gainak &aacute;tlag&aacute;t tekintve a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata legink&aacute;bb az eltartott gyermekekkel rendelkez&#337; egysz&uuml;l&#337;s h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sokat fenyegeti, &eacute;s ez &eacute;rv&eacute;nyes a legt&ouml;bb tag&aacute;llamra is &ndash; h&aacute;rom, k&ouml;zt&uuml;k Rom&aacute;nia kiv&eacute;tel&eacute;vel. M&iacute;g a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zat az EU-ban &aacute;tlagosan 16,9%, addig az egysz&uuml;l&#337;s csal&aacute;dok eset&eacute;ben 34,2%. A legmagasabb a kock&aacute;zat az egysz&uuml;l&#337;s csal&aacute;dokn&aacute;l Litv&aacute;ni&aacute;ban (48,4%) &eacute;s Luxemburgban (46,2%), ut&oacute;bbiban az &ouml;sszlakoss&aacute;g kock&aacute;zata 18,7%. Az egyszem&eacute;lyes h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sok szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zata a legmagasabb Lettorsz&aacute;gban (54,9%) &eacute;s &Eacute;sztorsz&aacute;gban (53,3%), &#337;k a toplista vezet&#337;i mind a f&eacute;rfiak, mind a n&#337;k eset&eacute;ben.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">Uni&oacute;s szinten a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zat m&eacute;g a 3 vagy t&ouml;bb gyermeket nevel&#337; k&eacute;tsz&uuml;l&#337;s csal&aacute;dok eset&eacute;ben is alacsonyabb, 26,2%, mint a csonka csal&aacute;dok eset&eacute;ben. Nem &uacute;gy Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban: itt a 3 vagy t&ouml;bb gyermeket nevel&#337; k&eacute;tsz&uuml;l&#337;s csal&aacute;dok k&ouml;zel 62%-&aacute;t (!) fenyegeti a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata, az EU-ban enn&eacute;l jobban csak Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban (65%). Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;val &eacute;s Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;val egy&uuml;tt csak Spanyolorsz&aacute;g eset&eacute;ben a legink&aacute;bb kock&aacute;zatos kateg&oacute;ria a k&eacute;tsz&uuml;l&#337;s nagycsal&aacute;dok&eacute;, a t&ouml;bbi tagorsz&aacute;gban az egysz&uuml;l&#337;s csal&aacute;dok helyzete a legkock&aacute;zatosabb.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">A nagycsal&aacute;dokat illet&#337;en Rom&aacute;nia &eacute;s Bulg&aacute;ria &bdquo;leszakad&aacute;sa&rdquo; egy&eacute;bk&eacute;nt hatalmas, ugyanis az &ouml;sszes t&ouml;bbi tag&aacute;llamban a nagycsal&aacute;dok szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zata 45% alatt marad. A tagjel&ouml;lt Szerbi&aacute;ban magas m&eacute;g a nagycsal&aacute;dok kock&aacute;zata (55,8%), m&iacute;g a vizsg&aacute;lt T&ouml;r&ouml;korsz&aacute;gban 48,3% &eacute;s &Eacute;szak-Maced&oacute;ni&aacute;ban 44,6%. Magyarorsz&aacute;gon eg&eacute;szen biztat&oacute; a k&eacute;tsz&uuml;l&#337;s nagycsal&aacute;dok helyzete, csak 14,2%-ukat fenyegeti a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g, &eacute;s ez m&aacute;r majdnem annyira j&oacute;, mint Lengyelorsz&aacute;gban (14,7%), Szlov&eacute;ni&aacute;ban (13,4%), Norv&eacute;gi&aacute;ban (13,1%), Finnorsz&aacute;gban (12,3%), &eacute;s sokkal alacsonyabb az uni&oacute;s &aacute;tlagn&aacute;l (26,2%). A legeslegjobb nagycsal&aacute;dosnak lenni viszont D&aacute;ni&aacute;ban (szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zat 8,9%) &eacute;s m&eacute;g ink&aacute;bb Izlandon (8%), D&aacute;ni&aacute;ban ann&aacute;l is ink&aacute;bb, mert a k&eacute;t feln&#337;ttb&#337;l &eacute;s 3 vagy t&ouml;bb gyermekb&#337;l &aacute;ll&oacute; h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sok szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zata a teljes d&aacute;n lakoss&aacute;g&eacute;n&aacute;l is alacsonyabb. N&aacute;lunk az eltartott gyermekekkel rendelkez&#337; egysz&uuml;l&#337;s h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sok szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zata (31,2%) az uni&oacute;s &aacute;tlag (34,2%) alatt marad, &eacute;s kisebb, mint a hazai egyed&uuml;l&aacute;ll&oacute; n&#337;k&eacute; (33,2%). Az egyed&uuml;l&aacute;ll&oacute; rom&aacute;niai f&eacute;rfiak kock&aacute;zata 22,4%. Tal&aacute;n a leg&eacute;rdekesebb hazai adat, hogy a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata a legkev&eacute;sb&eacute; fenyeget&#337; (12,1%) a k&eacute;t feln&#337;ttb&#337;l &aacute;ll&oacute; h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sokban, ahol az egyik szem&eacute;ly legal&aacute;bb 65 &eacute;ves &ndash; &eacute;s ez n&eacute;mileg meglep&#337; a rom&aacute;niai nyugd&iacute;jak alacsony szintj&eacute;vel kapcsolatos k&ouml;zbesz&eacute;d t&uuml;kr&eacute;ben.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">Magyarorsz&aacute;gon a vizsg&aacute;lt kock&aacute;zati kateg&oacute;ri&aacute;k k&ouml;z&uuml;l a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zat az egysz&uuml;l&#337;s csal&aacute;dokban a legnagyobb, 31,2%, a legkisebb (8,7%) pedig a k&eacute;t feln&#337;ttb&#337;l &aacute;ll&oacute; h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sokban, ahol legal&aacute;bb az egyik feln&#337;tt minimum 65 &eacute;ves. Az egyed&uuml;l&aacute;ll&oacute; magyar f&eacute;rfiakat (18,5%) ink&aacute;bb fenyegeti a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g, mint az egyed&uuml;l&aacute;ll&oacute; n&#337;ket (16,5%), de hasonl&oacute; helyzetet csak 9 tag&aacute;llamban tal&aacute;lunk, 19 orsz&aacute;gban ink&aacute;bb a n&#337;k kock&aacute;zata magasabb.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">A k&eacute;t feln&#337;ttb&#337;l &aacute;ll&oacute; h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sokat tekintve, ahol legal&aacute;bb az egyik szem&eacute;ly 65 &eacute;ves vagy id&#337;sebb, a legmagasabb a kock&aacute;zat az uni&oacute;ban M&aacute;lt&aacute;n (25,8%), ahol minden negyedik ilyen h&aacute;ztart&aacute;st fenyeget a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g. M&aacute;lt&aacute;val egy&uuml;tt 5 tagorsz&aacute;gban haladja meg a kateg&oacute;ria fenyegetetts&eacute;ge a 20%-ot, tov&aacute;bbi 8 &aacute;llamban 10&ndash;20% k&ouml;z&ouml;tt mozog, &eacute;s 15 &aacute;llamban 10% alatt marad. &Eacute;rdekes: Sv&aacute;jcban is minden &ouml;t&ouml;dik ilyen h&aacute;ztart&aacute;st fenyeget a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g kock&aacute;zata.</span></p><h3><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;"><span style="font-family: nerisblack; font-size: 26px; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 8px;">T&iacute;zb&#337;l 2 rom&aacute;niai s&uacute;lyosan n&eacute;lk&uuml;l&ouml;z</span></span></h3><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">M&iacute;g a szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;gi kock&aacute;zat a p&eacute;nz&uuml;gyi helyzetre reflekt&aacute;l, addig az anyagi n&eacute;lk&uuml;l&ouml;z&eacute;s sokkal t&ouml;bb aspektust vizsg&aacute;l, olyan t&eacute;nyez&#337;ket, amelyeket a legt&ouml;bb ember k&iacute;v&aacute;natosnak vagy egyenesen sz&uuml;ks&eacute;gesnek tart a mindennapi &eacute;letvitelhez. S&uacute;lyos anyagi n&eacute;lk&uuml;l&ouml;z&eacute;st jelent, ha az adott szem&eacute;ly nem engedheti meg mag&aacute;nak az al&aacute;bbiak k&ouml;z&uuml;l legal&aacute;bb 4 t&eacute;tel biztos&iacute;t&aacute;s&aacute;t: lakb&eacute;r kifizet&eacute;se; k&ouml;zm&#369;-sz&aacute;ml&aacute;k kifizet&eacute;se; hitelt&ouml;rleszt&eacute;s; &eacute;vente egy alkalommal egy hetes utaz&aacute;s otthon&aacute;t&oacute;l t&aacute;vol; h&uacute;s, hal vagy proteintartalm&uacute; &eacute;tel fogyaszt&aacute;sa minden m&aacute;sodik nap; v&aacute;ratlan p&eacute;nz&uuml;gyi kiad&aacute;s; telefon (mobilt bele&eacute;rtve); sz&iacute;nest&eacute;v&eacute;; mos&oacute;g&eacute;p; szem&eacute;lyg&eacute;pkocsi; megfelel&#337; f&#369;t&eacute;s.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">2017-ben s&uacute;lyos anyagi gondokkal k&uuml;szk&ouml;d&ouml;tt az uni&oacute; lakosainak 6,6%-a: a tag&aacute;llamok t&ouml;bbs&eacute;g&eacute;ben (19 orsz&aacute;gban) az ar&aacute;ny 10% alatti, k&ouml;zt&uuml;k Sv&eacute;dorsz&aacute;gban, Luxemburgban, Finnorsz&aacute;gban &eacute;s Hollandi&aacute;ban 3% alatti. T&iacute;zb&#337;l 3 ember &eacute;l s&uacute;lyos anyagi gondokkal Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban, 2 G&ouml;r&ouml;gorsz&aacute;gban &eacute;s Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban, 1-2 Magyarorsz&aacute;gon, &eacute;s 1 Litv&aacute;ni&aacute;ban, Cipruson, Lettorsz&aacute;gban, Horv&aacute;torsz&aacute;gban &eacute;s Olaszorsz&aacute;gban, egyn&eacute;l kevesebben a t&ouml;bbi &aacute;llamban. Kiemelked&#337;en magas az ar&aacute;ny Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban (30%), &eacute;s magas a sorban k&ouml;vetkez&#337; G&ouml;r&ouml;gorsz&aacute;gban (21,1%) &eacute;s Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban (19,7%). Az &ouml;sszes t&ouml;bbi &aacute;llamban 15% alatti a s&uacute;lyos anyagi gondokkal &eacute;l&#337;k ar&aacute;nya, a sorban ut&aacute;nunk k&ouml;vetkez&#337; Magyarorsz&aacute;gon 14,5%.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">A 2008-as &aacute;llapotokhoz k&eacute;pest jelent&#337;s v&aacute;ltoz&aacute;s tapasztalhat&oacute; Rom&aacute;nia eset&eacute;ben, itt 13 sz&aacute;zal&eacute;kponttal cs&ouml;kkent a s&uacute;lyosan n&eacute;lk&uuml;l&ouml;z&#337;k ar&aacute;nya, Lengyelorsz&aacute;gban k&ouml;zel 12 sz&aacute;zal&eacute;kponttal, Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban 11,2 sz&aacute;zal&eacute;kponttal. G&ouml;r&ouml;gorsz&aacute;gban dupl&aacute;j&aacute;ra n&#337;tt a s&uacute;lyos anyagi k&ouml;r&uuml;lm&eacute;nyek k&ouml;zt &eacute;l&#337;k ar&aacute;nya 2008-hoz k&eacute;pest. Ezen k&iacute;v&uuml;l csak Cipruson &eacute;s Olaszorsz&aacute;gban n&#337;tt a s&uacute;lyos anyagi gondokkal k&uuml;zd&#337;k ar&aacute;nya 10% f&ouml;l&eacute;, tov&aacute;bb&aacute; Spanyolorsz&aacute;gban 5,1%-ra, enyhe n&ouml;veked&eacute;st jegyeznek D&aacute;nia (2%-r&oacute;l 3,1%-ra), Hollandia (1,5%-r&oacute;l 2,6%-ra) &eacute;s Luxemburg (0,7%-r&oacute;l 1,2%-ra) eset&eacute;ben. 21 &aacute;llamban cs&ouml;kkent a s&uacute;lyos anyagi gondokkal k&uuml;zd&#337;k ar&aacute;nya az ut&oacute;bbi t&iacute;z &eacute;vben.</span></p><h3><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;"><span style="font-family: nerisblack; font-size: 26px; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 8px;">Csak rosszabb ne legyen&hellip;?</span></span></h3><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">A szeg&eacute;nys&eacute;g &eacute;s t&aacute;rsadalmi kirekesztetts&eacute;g szubjekt&iacute;v mutat&oacute;ja az, hogyan siker&uuml;l boldogulniuk az embereknek, itt hat lehets&eacute;ges v&aacute;ltozat &aacute;ll rendelkez&eacute;sre: nagy neh&eacute;zs&eacute;gekkel, neh&eacute;zs&eacute;gekkel, n&eacute;mi neh&eacute;zs&eacute;ggel, viszonylag k&ouml;nnyen, k&ouml;nnyen, nagyon k&ouml;nnyen. Az uni&oacute;s h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sok t&ouml;bb mint egy&ouml;t&ouml;de neh&eacute;zs&eacute;gekkel vagy nagy neh&eacute;zs&eacute;gekkel tud csak &bdquo;kij&ouml;nni&rdquo;, Bulg&aacute;ri&aacute;ban (58,4%) a h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sok t&ouml;bb mint fele, G&ouml;r&ouml;gorsz&aacute;gban t&ouml;bb mint h&aacute;romnegyede (77,2%). A legel&eacute;gedettebbek a boldogul&aacute;sukkal a d&aacute;nok (csak 9,4%-uk gondolja, hogy neh&eacute;zs&eacute;gek &eacute;s nagy neh&eacute;zs&eacute;gek &aacute;r&aacute;n boldogul, 16%-uk pedig &uacute;gy v&eacute;li, hogy nagyon k&ouml;nnyen kij&ouml;n), sv&eacute;dek (7/22,6%), finnek (6,7/13,4%) &eacute;s n&eacute;metek (6,1/12,8%). A felsoroltakon k&iacute;v&uuml;l csak az osztr&aacute;kok &eacute;s hollandok eset&eacute;ben haladja meg a 10%-ot azok ar&aacute;nya, akik nagyon k&ouml;nnyen boldogulnak, a britek 9,9%-a, a luxemburgiak 8,1%-a &eacute;s a belg&aacute;k 7,4%-a boldogul k&ouml;nnyen. Az &ouml;sszes t&ouml;bbi tag&aacute;llamban a nagyon k&ouml;nnyen boldogul&oacute;k ar&aacute;nya 5% alatti, Rom&aacute;ni&aacute;ban 0,9%.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">B&aacute;r az eddig ismertetett rangsorol&aacute;sok szinte mindegyik&eacute;ben Rom&aacute;nia a legszeg&eacute;nyebb, legszerencs&eacute;tlenebb, vagy majdnem az, a lakoss&aacute;g ennek ellen&eacute;re nem &iacute;t&eacute;li olyan s&uacute;lyosnak a helyzetet: a h&aacute;ztart&aacute;soknak csak 37,4%-a boldogul neh&eacute;zs&eacute;gek vagy nagyobb neh&eacute;zs&eacute;gek &aacute;r&aacute;n. Nem tudhatjuk, hogy ennek magyar&aacute;zata a &bdquo;csak rosszabb ne legyen&rdquo; mentalit&aacute;sban, esetleg szer&eacute;nyebb ig&eacute;nyekben, t&aacute;j&eacute;kozatlans&aacute;gban vagy tal&aacute;n optimista hozz&aacute;&aacute;ll&aacute;sban keresend&#337;-e, de t&eacute;ny, hogy a kor&aacute;bbi adatok t&uuml;kr&eacute;ben a sokkal jobb helyzetben &aacute;ll&oacute;, hagyom&aacute;nyosan &bdquo;pesszimist&aacute;bb&rdquo; Magyarorsz&aacute;gon a lakoss&aacute;g nagyobb r&eacute;sze gondolja, hogy nehezebben boldogul (41,2%). Itthon a h&aacute;ztart&aacute;sok 43,6%-a n&eacute;mi neh&eacute;zs&eacute;ggel boldogul, &iacute;gy &ouml;sszesen a 81%-a valamilyen neh&eacute;zs&eacute;ggel boldogul, &eacute;s csak 19%-a boldogul viszonylag k&ouml;nnyen, k&ouml;nnyen vagy nagyon k&ouml;nnyen.</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">Az el&eacute;gedetts&eacute;get vizsg&aacute;l&oacute; legut&oacute;bbi, 2013-as adatokkal dolgoz&oacute; m&aacute;sik Eurostat felm&eacute;r&eacute;s szerint &aacute;tlagon fel&uuml;l el&eacute;gedett volt a p&eacute;nz&uuml;gyi helyzet&eacute;vel Rom&aacute;nia lakoss&aacute;ga, a 0&ndash;10-es sk&aacute;l&aacute;n 6,2 a rom&aacute;n &eacute;rt&eacute;k, m&iacute;g az uni&oacute;s &aacute;tlag 6 (a magyar 5,2). &Aacute;ltal&aacute;ban az &eacute;let&uuml;kkel 7-es szinten el&eacute;gedettek az uni&oacute; lakosai, a rom&aacute;niaiak 7,1-es szinten (a magyarok el&eacute;gedetts&eacute;ge 6,1-es). 2013-ban a j&ouml;vedelemi &ouml;t&ouml;d&ouml;k ar&aacute;nya &bdquo;rosszabb&rdquo; volt (6,8) a cikk&uuml;nkben r&eacute;szletesen ismertetett 2017-esn&eacute;l (6,5).</span></p><p style="font-family:nerislight;color:#48484a;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;text-align:left;margin-bottom:19px;display:block;"><span style="color:#48484a;display:block;font-family:nerislight;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:19px;text-align:left;">(<em>Bor&iacute;t&oacute;k&eacute;p: Bal&aacute;zs Bence, Kerekes Edit</em>)</span></p></p>\n"
      "summary" => "Két jó hírünk van: Romániában még többen vannak a „gazdagok”, mint a legnagyobb jövedelmű Luxemburgban, és nálunk nincs különbség a férfiak és a nők között a jövedelmi egyenlőtlenség tekintetében. A történet a továbbiakban arról szól, hogy nálunk szinte minden negyedik lakost a szegénység kockázata fenyeget, és mi élünk a legkevesebb pénzből."
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Hirdetés
Kapcsolódó cikkek

Eurostat: Románia a szegények közt is a legszegényebb

Az Európai Unió (EU) országaiban élő csaknem 20 millió gyermek volt kitéve tavaly a szegénység és társadalmi kirekesztés kockázatának; az uniós tagországok közül Romániában volt a legmagasabb az arányuk – derül ki az EU statisztikai hivatala, az Eurostat pénteken közzétett adataiból.
Gazdaság2024. július 19.